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The ushabti (also called shabti or shawabti, with a number of variant spellings) was a funerary figurine used in ancient Egyptian funerary practices. The Egyptological term is derived from ๐ ฑ๐๐๐๐ญ๐พ wšbtj , which replaced earlier ๐ท๐ฏ๐๐๐ญ๐พ šwbtj , perhaps the nisba of ๐๐ฏ๐๐ญ šw๊ฃb " Persea tree".
Another probable reason for the decline, and eventual end, of retainer sacrifices is the creation of shabti-figures. Shabti-figures were mummy-shaped figurines, meant to replace retainer sacrifices; "... the responsibility for carrying out tasks on behalf of the deceased was transferred to a special kind of funerary statuette, known as a shabti ...
Spell for causing a shabti to do work for a man in the realm of the dead: O shabti, allotted to me, if I be summoned or if I be detailed to do any work which has to be done in the realm of the dead, if indeed any obstacles are implanted for you therewith as a man at his duties, you shall detail yourself for me on every occasion of making arable ...
Another kind of faience model of the deceased as a mummy seems to anticipate the use of shabti figurines (also called shawabti or an ushabti) later in the Twelfth Dynasty. These early figurines do not have the text directing the figure to work in the place of the deceased that is found in later figurines.
Stick shabtis had a different purpose to most of the normal ushabtis. While ushabtis were most often placed into the burial chamber and had the function to work for the deceased, stick shabtis were always found in the overground cult chapel of Egyptian tombs, only at Thebes.
The Serapeum of Saqqara was the ancient Egyptian burial place for sacred bulls of the Apis cult at Memphis.It was believed that the bulls were incarnations of the god Ptah, which would become immortal after death as Osiris-Apis, a name which evolved to Serapis (Σฮญραπις) in the Hellenistic period, and Userhapi (โฒโฒฉโฒฅโฒโฒฃฯฉโฒโฒกโฒ) in Coptic.
(the shabti photo is at Nakhtmin; wood ushabti, some gilded gold, 6-columns of hieroglyphs, (Ht: 0.62m, (62 cm))) [2] Nebamun – Tomb of Nebamun "Nebmerutef" 18th dynasty: 2–"Baboon-(Thoth) and Scribe" statues the baboon-(as Thoth), the Symbolic God for the scribe, (see Tutelary deity) Penthu: Amarna period – Ptahhotep Tshefi (grandson of ...
Group of 16 amulets strung as a necklace, in the typical bright faience blue, Late Period It is called "Egyptian faience" to distinguish it from faience, the tin-glazed pottery whose name came from Faenza in northern Italy, [7] a center of maiolica (one type of faience) production in the late Middle Ages.