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Systems that use passwords for authentication must have some way to check any password entered to gain access. If the valid passwords are simply stored in a system file or database, an attacker who gains sufficient access to the system will obtain all user passwords, giving the attacker access to all accounts on the attacked system and possibly other systems where users employ the same or ...
The guessability is not the same as the entropy. "dog" is a high entropy password if you consider that to be three characters taken from the whole Unicode character set. The entropy of XKCD-style passwords is reduced if users, by habit, attempt to make grammatical sentence fragments out of the four words and if the attackers take this into account.
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An information diagram is a type of Venn diagram used in information theory to illustrate relationships among Shannon's basic measures of information: entropy, joint entropy, conditional entropy and mutual information. [1] [2] Information diagrams are a useful pedagogical tool for teaching and learning about these basic measures of information.
The above calculations of the Diceware algorithm's entropy assume that, as recommended by Diceware's author, each word is separated by a space. If, instead, words are simply concatenated, the calculated entropy is slightly reduced due to redundancy; for example, the three-word Diceware phrases "in put clammy" and "input clam my" become ...
The Mollier enthalpy–entropy diagram for water and steam. The "dryness fraction", x , gives the fraction by mass of gaseous water in the wet region, the remainder being droplets of liquid. An enthalpy–entropy chart , also known as the H – S chart or Mollier diagram , plots the total heat against entropy, [ 1 ] describing the enthalpy of a ...
This strong market position generates substantial cash flows that support shareholder returns. Turning to the specifics, the pharmaceutical giant offers investors a 4.3% dividend yield backed by a ...
Entropy equivalent of one bit of information, equal to k times ln(2) [1] 10 −23: 1.381 × 10 −23 J⋅K −1: Boltzmann constant, entropy equivalent of one nat of information. 10 1: 5.74 J⋅K −1: Standard entropy of 1 mole of graphite [2] 10 33: ≈ 10 35 J⋅K −1: Entropy of the Sun (given as ≈ 10 42 erg⋅K −1 in Bekenstein (1973 ...