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The freshwater drum, Aplodinotus grunniens, is a fish endemic to North and Central America. It is the only species in the genus Aplodinotus , [ 3 ] and is a member of the family Sciaenidae . It is the only North American member of the group that inhabits freshwater for its entire life. [ 4 ]
The black drum was first formally described as Labrus cromis by Carl Linnaeus in 1766 with one of its type localities given as Carolina. In 1801 the Bernard Germain de Lacépède described a new species, Pogonias fasciatus, without giving a type locality but it is thought to be Charleston, South Carolina, [2] and placed it a new monospecific genus, Pogonias.
Cartilaginous fish, such as sharks, do not have any of the bones found in the lower jaw of other vertebrates. Instead, their lower jaw is composed of a cartilaginous structure homologous with the Meckel's cartilage of other groups. This also remains a significant element of the jaw in some primitive bony fish, such as sturgeons. [11]
Magnified view of freshwater drum otolith showing growth bands. University of Minnesota Biologist George R. Spangler gives a technical explanation of the "letters" which appear on the lucky stone. "The 'L-shaped groove' is technically known as a 'sulcus'. In the living fish, the sulcus is adjacent to a series of neuromast cells in the inner ear.
The blackbar drum has a deep, rhomboid body with an arched dorsal profile. The head is low, with a moderately large eye and a snout protruding beyond the mouth, with a notched upper jaw which encloses the lower jaw. The villiform teeth are arranged in bands with those in the outer row of the lower jaw being enlarged and resembling canine teeth.
The mouth cone ("everted pharynx") of a possible new species of Meiopriapulus, a marine worm in the Priapulida, bears pharyngeal teeth. [5] Fossils of the Yunnanozoon and Haikouella possess pharyngeal teeth. The lower pharyngeal bones of cichlids also carry specialized teeth which augment their normal mandibular teeth in the breakdown of food.
The hyomandibula, commonly referred to as hyomandibular [bone] (Latin: os hyomandibulare, from Greek: hyoeides, "upsilon-shaped" (υ), and Latin: mandibula, "jawbone"), is a set of bones that is found in the hyoid region in most fishes. It usually plays a role in suspending the jaws and/or operculum (teleostomi only).
In all jawed fish (gnathostomes), the first arch pair (mandibular arches) develops into the jaw, the second gill arches (the hyoid arches) develop into the hyomandibular complex (which supports the back of the jaw and the front of the gill series), and the remaining posterior arches (simply called branchial arches) support the gills.