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A report by the UN in 2020 found that: "Global domestic material consumption per capita rose by 7 per cent, from 10.8 metric tons per capita in 2010 to 11.7 metric tons in 2017, with increases in all regions except Northern America and Africa."
[3] U.S. EPA's SMM lifecycle of materials and products from material extraction, manufacturing, distribution, use and end-of-life.. Sustainable Materials Management (SMM) represents a framework to sustainably manage materials and products throughout the entire lifecycle, from resource extraction, design and manufacturing, resource productivity, consumption and end-of-life management.
Circular economy. A circular economy (also referred to as circularity or CE) [1] is a model of resource production and consumption in any economy that involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing, and recycling existing materials and products for as long as possible. [2][3][4] The concept aims to tackle global challenges such as ...
The report assessed the impact of economic activities on the environment. It identified that the most critical impacts are related to ecosystem health, human health and resource depletion . From a combined production, consumption and materials perspective, the authors found that the production of food and all processes involving fossil fuels ...
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is sometimes referred to synonymously as life cycle analysis in the scholarly and agency report literatures. [7] [1] [8] Also, due to the general nature of an LCA study of examining the life cycle impacts from raw material extraction (cradle) through disposal (grave), it is sometimes referred to as "cradle-to-grave analysis".
Material efficiency is a description or metric ( (M p) (the ratio of material used to the supplied material)) which refers to decreasing the amount of a particular material needed to produce a specific product. [1] Making a usable item out of thinner stock than a prior version increases the material efficiency of the manufacturing process.
Economy-wide material flow accounts ( EW-MFA) is a framework to compile statistics linking flows of materials from natural resources to a national economy. [1] EW-MFA are descriptive statistics, in physical units such as tonnes per year. EW-MFA is consistent with the principles and system boundaries of the United Nations System of National ...
Ecological footprint. The ecological footprint measures human demand on natural capital, i.e. the quantity of nature it takes to support people and their economies. [1][2][3] It tracks human demand on nature through an ecological accounting system. The accounts contrast the biologically productive area people use to satisfy their consumption to ...