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An HPV infection is caused by the human papillomavirus, a DNA virus from the papillomavirus family. [8] [9] Over 200 types have been described. [10] An individual can become infected with more than one type of HPV, [11] and the disease is only known to affect humans.
Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal cancer awareness and prevention is a vital concept from a public and community health perspective. HPV is the sexually transmitted virus that is known to be the cause of genital warts. There are currently more than 100 different strains of HPV, half of which can cause genital infections. [1]
HPV-associated cancers are caused by high-risk strains of HPV, mainly HPV-16 and HPV-18. [35] HPV is a small non-enveloped DNA virus of the papillomavirus family. Its genome encodes the early (E) oncoproteins E5, E6 and E7 and the late (L) capsid proteins L1 and L2.
[3] [4] [5] Infection by most papillomavirus types, depending on the type, is either asymptomatic (e.g. most Beta-PVs) or causes small benign tumors, known as papillomas or warts (e.g. human papillomavirus 1, HPV6 or HPV11). Papillomas caused by some types, however, such as human papillomaviruses 16 and 18, carry a risk of becoming cancerous. [6]
Laryngeal papillomatosis is caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, most frequently types 6 and 11, [13] although genotypes 16, 18, 31, and 33 have also been implicated. [7] HPV-11 is associated with more aggressive forms of papillomatosis, which may involve more distal parts of the tracheobronchial tree. [7]
Some head and neck cancers, and in particular oropharyngeal cancer, are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), [1] [62] and 70% of all head and neck cancer cases are related to HPV. [62] Risk factors for HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancer include multiple sexual partners, anal and oral sex and a weak immune system. [56]
Squamous cell papilloma of the mouth or throat is generally diagnosed in people between the ages of 30 and 50, [1] and is normally found on the inside of the cheek, on the tongue, or inside of lips. Oral papillomas are usually painless, and not treated unless they interfere with eating or are causing pain. [ 1 ]
The Papanicolaou smear ("Pap" smear) is a widely used cancer screening test for cervical cancer. DNA-based tests to identify the virus are also available. [12] Herpesviruses are a third group of common cancer-causing viruses. Two types of herpesviruses have been associated with cancer: the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV ...