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Prior to 1910, fish meal was primarily used as fertilizer, at least in the UK. [2]Fish meal is now primarily used as a protein supplement in compound feed. [2] [3] As of 2010, about 56% of fish meal was used to feed farmed fish, about 20% was used in pig feed, about 12% in poultry feed, and about 12% in other uses, which included fertilizer. [1]
Menhaden, also known as mossbunker, bunker, and "the most important fish in the sea", [1] are forage fish of the genera Brevoortia and Ethmidium, two genera of marine fish in the order Clupeiformes. Menhaden is a blend of poghaden ( pogy for short) and an Algonquian word akin to Narragansett munnawhatteaûg , derived from munnohquohteau ("he ...
Menhaden have historically been used as a fertilizer for crops. It is likely that menhaden is the fish that Squanto taught the Pilgrims to bury alongside freshly planted seeds as fertilizer. Other uses for menhaden include: feed for animals, bait for fish, oil for human consumption, oil for manufacturing purposes and oil as a fuel source.
Other forms of fish feed being used include feeds made entirely with vegetable materials for species such as carp, moist feeds preferred by some species (easier to make but more difficult to store), and trash fish —that is, fish caught and fed directly to larger species being raised in aquaculture pens.
Since fish emulsion is naturally derived, it is considered an organic fertilizer appropriate for use in organic horticulture. In addition to having a typical N-P-K analysis of 5-2-2, fish emulsion adds micronutrients. [2] Fish emulsion, applied as a liquid fertilizer, is also used when growing roses to enhance the bloom color of the flowers. [3]
The practice slowly gained popularity among farmers, and by the mid-1900s, over 28 countries on all continents except Antarctica used rice-fish systems. [2] Historically, the common carp was the most commonly used fish, with the Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) in second place. [2]
Most herring cures use a two-step process. Initially, the herrings are cured with salt to extract water. The second stage involves removing the salt and adding flavorings, typically a vinegar, salt, and sugar solution to which ingredients like peppercorn, bay leaves and raw onions are added.
There are many uses of fish hydrolysate - from fish-based fertilizer, to its use as an animal food, or even for human consumption applications which are developing. A number of scientific journals have cited the antiproliferative activity of fish protein hydrolysate, which makes it eligible for listing as a nutriceutical. [2]