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Both the inlet and the outlet must be streamlined to avoid significant form losses. The barrel invert is often lowered to increase the discharge capacity. The concept of minimum energy loss culverts was developed by a shire engineer in Victoria and a professor at the University of Queensland during the late 1960s. [24]
A main component of the base section is a channel that provides a smooth conduit for wastewater to flow from inlet pipe to outlet pipe. The channel is in a U shape formed by a "half pipe" as if a pipe is cut in half and left with the bottom half. The width of the channel should match the inside diameter of the inlet and outlet pipes.
An intake tower or outlet tower [1] is a vertical tubular structure with one or more openings used for capturing water from reservoirs and conveying it further to a hydroelectric or water-treatment plant. Unlike spillways, intake towers are intended for the reservoir's regular operation, conveying clean, debris-free water for further use.
There are four main components of a chute spillway: [1] The elements of a spillway are the inlet, the vertical curve section (ogee curve), the steep-sloped channel and the outlet. In order to avoid a hydraulic jump , the slope of the spillway must be steep enough for the flow to remain supercritical.
The outlet is generally a restricted-flow drain from the detention vessel, with a weir for containing detritus. [3] Detention vessels delay water's delivery downstream, and possibly creates a later water level peak post-rainfall. It is important to consider timing of water release and the types of reservoirs feeding a waterway. [7]
The Kinzua Dam in Pennsylvania, with outlet works releasing water. A gatehouse, gate house, outlet works or valve house for a dam is a structure housing sluice gates, valves, or pumps (in which case it is more accurately called a pumping station). Many gatehouses are strictly utilitarian, but especially in the nineteenth century, some were very ...
A normal spillway flow is pressurized by the height of the reservoir above the spillway, whereas a siphon flow rate is governed by the difference in height of the inlet and outlet. [citation needed] Some designs make use of an automatic system that uses the flow of water in a spiral vortex to remove the air above to prime the siphon. Such a ...
The penstock is usually situated fairly close to the center of the tailings dam and built up using penstock rings, short reinforced ring-like sections of pipe which nest one within the other when stacked and thereby control the water level, letting the slimes settle out of the water. This water is then piped under the tailings dam back to the ...