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Plastids function to store different components including starches, fats, and proteins. [9] All plastids are derived from proplastids, which are present in the meristematic regions of the plant. Proplastids and young chloroplasts typically divide by binary fission, but more mature chloroplasts also have this capacity.
The 156 kb plastome gene map of Nicotiana tabacum. The 154 kb plastid genome map of a model flowering plant (Arabidopsis thaliana: Brassicaceae).The highly reduced, 27 kb plastome map of the parasitic Hydnora visseri.
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[1] [2] Plastids perform a variety of functions such as metabolism of energy, and biological reactions. [2] [3] There are multiple types of plastids recognized including Leucoplasts, Chromoplasts, and Chloroplasts. [2] Plastids are broken up into different categories based on characteristics such as size, function and physical traits. [2]
Most plastids are photosynthetic, thus leading to color production and energy storage or production. There are many types of plastids in plants alone, but all plastids can be separated based on the number of times they have undergone endosymbiotic events. Currently there are three types of plastids; primary, secondary and tertiary.
Photosynthetic organisms with plastids of different origin (such as brown algae) do not belong to the Archaeplastida. The archaeplastidans fall into two main evolutionary lines. The red algae are pigmented with chlorophyll a and phycobiliproteins, like most cyanobacteria, and accumulate starch outside the chloroplasts.
Two decades later, Eörs Szathmáry published an "update" of his thesis in the original book, and this update involved demoting sex from a major transition as well as promoting new transitions, such as the origins of plastids, to the list. [8]
Lacking photosynthetic pigments, leucoplasts are located in non-photosynthetic tissues of plants, such as roots, bulbs and seeds.They may be specialized for bulk storage of starch, lipid or protein and are then known as amyloplasts, elaioplasts, or proteinoplasts (also called aleuroplasts) respectively.