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Mechanical trauma, e.g. caused by a sharp edge on a denture, or a broken tooth, may cause white patches which appear very similar to leukoplakia. However, these white patches represent a normal hyperkeratotic reaction, similar to a callus on the skin, and will resolve when the cause is removed. [1]
The most common appearance of hyperplastic candidiasis is a persistent white plaque that does not rub off. The lesion may be rough or nodular in texture. [10] Hyperplastic candidiasis is uncommon, accounting for about 5% of oral candidiasis cases, [8] and is usually chronic and found in adults.
There are no symptoms associated with the lesion itself, [4] although many and varied symptoms and signs may be associated with the underlying cause of immunosuppression. . The lesion is a white patch, which almost exclusively occurs on the lateral surfaces of the tongue, although rarely it may occur on the buccal mucosa, soft palate, pharynx or esophagus
Leukoedema lesions disappear when the mucosa is stretched, which helps to differentiate it from other white lesions in the mouth. [2] The differential diagnosis is with leukoplakia , oral candidiasis , oral lichen planus , white sponge nevus , morsicatio buccarum , [ 3 ] hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis and dyskeratosis congenita.
CEG usually manifests as a plaque on the palate, gums, lips or tongue. These are proliferative white or reddish lesions that may be painful and can be the cause of halitosis and hemorrhage that are often present. Loss of appetite is the most obvious symptom indicating the illness. The lesions may spontaneously appear and wane. [14]
Over time, this plaque may be colonized by Candida species. The local environment under a denture is more acidic and less exposed to the cleansing action of saliva, which favors high Candida enzymatic activity and may cause inflammation in the mucosa. C. albicans is the most commonly isolated organism, but occasionally bacteria are implicated. [4]
Dental plaque is a biofilm of microorganisms (mostly bacteria, but also fungi) that grows on surfaces within the mouth. It is a sticky colorless deposit at first, but when it forms tartar , it is often brown or pale yellow.
Stomatitis nicotina is a diffuse white patch on the hard palate, usually caused by tobacco smoking, usually pipe or cigar smoking. [2] It is painless, [ 4 ] and it is caused by a response of the palatal oral mucosa to chronic heat.