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Tobacco smoking during pregnancy causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco.A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus.
The onset of these symptoms is very fast, nicotine's half-life being only two hours. [154] The psychological dependence may linger for months or even many years. Unlike some recreational drugs, nicotine does not measurably alter a smoker's motor skills, judgement, or language abilities while under the influence of the drug. Nicotine withdrawal ...
Nicotine itself could be at least partly responsible for many of the adverse after birth health results related to cigarette use while the mother was pregnant. [40] There is evidence that nicotine negatively affects fetal brain development and pregnancy outcomes. [42] There is also risk of stillbirth and pre-term birth. [43]
Nicotine is harmful to the infant and the growing adolescent brain, [3] is metabolised much faster while a woman is pregnant, easily passes through the placental barrier, and collects in breast milk. There is also growing evidence that nicotine exposure during pregnancy is linked to early birth, stillbirth, and abnormal brain growth. [64]
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Concerns exist that vaping can be harmful by exposing users to toxic levels of nicotine. [11] Pregnant women, breastfeeding mothers, and the elderly are more sensitive to nicotine than other individuals. [76] Nicotine is proven to be a carcinogen in mice and has been linked to cancer in humans. [228]
Data from two states in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment System (PRAMS) show that in 2015—roughly the mid-point of the study period—10.8% of the sample used e-cigarettes in the three months prior to the pregnancy while 7.0%, 5.8%, and 1.4% used these products at the time of the pregnancy, in the first trimester, and at birth respectively. [111]
Smoking during pregnancy is dangerous to the unborn baby and may cause pre-term birth, birth defects such as cleft lip or cleft palate, or miscarriage. [93] [80] Tobacco is the most commonly used substance among pregnant women, at 25%. [87] [94] Nicotine crosses the placenta and accumulates within