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Some concerns have been raised about the Xpert MTB/RIF, including operational issues and cost. The concessional price for a GeneXpert system is currently 32,000 USD for a four module instrument. As of 6 August 2012, the cost of a test cartridge in countries eligible for concessional pricing is $9.98 USD.
The primary equipment used in BAL includes a fiber-optic bronchoscope, sterile collection traps for collecting test specimens, a sterile saline source, a suction device, and suction tubing. [3] Essentially, the saline source is connected to sterile bronchoscope, as is the specimen collection trap, and then suction tubing is connected to the ...
The prices in the private sector are often many times (and can be up to 80 times) the international reference price. This makes treatment unaffordable. [6]: 4 The prices in the guide are given in US dollars converted using the exchange rate at the time. Exchange rate fluctuations may cause the wide variations in cost over time. [7]
A sputum culture is a test to detect and identify bacteria [1] or fungi that infect the lungs or breathing passages. Sputum is a thick fluid produced in the lungs and in the adjacent airways. Normally, fresh morning sample is preferred for the bacteriological examination of sputum. [ 2 ]
The medical history includes obtaining the symptoms of pulmonary TB: productive, prolonged cough of three or more weeks, chest pain, and hemoptysis.Systemic symptoms include low grade remittent fever, chills, night sweats, appetite loss, weight loss, easy fatiguability, and production of sputum that starts out mucoid but changes to purulent. [1]
Pulmonary hygiene, also referred to as pulmonary toilet, [1] is a set of methods used to clear mucus and secretions from the airways.The word pulmonary refers to the lungs.The word toilet, related to the French toilette, refers to body care and hygiene; this root is used in words such as toiletry that also relate to cleansing.
Blood-streaked sputum –an indicator of possible inflammation of the throat (larynx and/or trachea) or bronchi; lung cancer; other bleeding erosions, ulcers, or tumors of the lower airway. Pink sputum – it indicates sputum evenly mixed with blood from alveoli and/or small peripheral bronchi as is seen in potential pulmonary edema.
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a type of lung infection that occurs in people who are on mechanical ventilation breathing machines in hospitals. As such, VAP typically affects critically ill persons that are in an intensive care unit (ICU) and have been on a mechanical ventilator for at least 48 hours.