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In geometry, an intersection curve is a curve that is common to two geometric objects. In the simplest case, the intersection of two non-parallel planes in Euclidean 3-space is a line. In general, an intersection curve consists of the common points of two transversally intersecting surfaces, meaning that at any common point the surface normals ...
The direction of sufficiently distant objects is the same for all observers, and it is convenient to specify this direction with the same coordinates for all. In contrast, in the horizontal coordinate system , a star's position differs from observer to observer based on their positions on the Earth's surface, and is continuously changing with ...
In Euclidean geometry, the intersection of a line and a line can be the empty set, a point, or another line. Distinguishing these cases and finding the intersection have uses, for example, in computer graphics, motion planning, and collision detection. In three-dimensional Euclidean geometry, if two lines are not in the same plane, they have no ...
The real projective plane can be thought of as the Euclidean plane with additional points added, which are called points at infinity, and are considered to lie on a new line, the line at infinity. There is a point at infinity corresponding to each direction (numerically given by the slope of a line), informally defined as the limit of a point ...
Cartesian coordinate system with a circle of radius 2 centered at the origin marked in red. The equation of a circle is (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 = r2 where a and b are the coordinates of the center (a, b) and r is the radius. Cartesian coordinates are named for René Descartes, whose invention of them in the 17th century revolutionized ...
In Euclidean geometry, a plane is a flat two- dimensional surface that extends indefinitely. Euclidean planes often arise as subspaces of three-dimensional space . A prototypical example is one of a room's walls, infinitely extended and assumed infinitesimal thin. While a pair of real numbers suffices to describe points on a plane, the ...
In analytic geometry, a line and a sphere can intersect in three ways: Intersection in two points. Methods for distinguishing these cases, and determining the coordinates for the points in the latter cases, are useful in a number of circumstances. For example, it is a common calculation to perform during ray tracing.
In blue, the point (4, 210°). In mathematics, the polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in which each point on a plane is determined by a distance from a reference point and an angle from a reference direction. The reference point (analogous to the origin of a Cartesian coordinate system) is called the pole, and the ...