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Cotinine has an in vivo half-life of approximately 20 hours, and is typically detectable for several days (up to one week) after the use of tobacco. The level of cotinine in the blood, saliva, and urine is proportionate to the amount of exposure to tobacco smoke, so it is a valuable indicator of tobacco smoke exposure, including secondary (passive) smoke. [14]
Smoking cessation, usually called quitting smoking or stopping smoking, is the process of discontinuing tobacco smoking. [1] Tobacco smoke contains nicotine, which is addictive and can cause dependence. [2][3] As a result, nicotine withdrawal often makes the process of quitting difficult. Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death and a ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 4 October 2024. Circumstances, mechanisms, and factors of tobacco consumption on human health "Health effects of smoking" and "Dangers of smoking" redirect here. For cannabis, see Effects of cannabis. For smoking crack cocaine, see Crack cocaine § Health issues. "Smoking and health" redirects here. For ...
East German cigarettes. Cigarette smoking for weight loss is a weight control method whereby one consumes tobacco, often in the form of cigarettes, to decrease one's appetite. The practice dates to early knowledge of nicotine as an appetite suppressant. Tobacco smoking was associated with appetite suppression among Pre-Columbian indigenous ...
The LD 50 of nicotine is 50 mg/kg for rats and 3 mg/kg for mice. 0.5–1.0 mg/kg can be a lethal dosage for adult humans, and 0.1 mg/kg for children. [19] [20] However the widely used human LD 50 estimate of 0.5–1.0 mg/kg was questioned in a 2013 review, in light of several documented cases of humans surviving much higher doses; the 2013 review suggests that the lower limit causing fatal ...
View/Edit Mouse. Cytochrome P450 2A6 (abbreviated CYP2A6) is a member of the cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system, which is involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics in the body. CYP2A6 is the primary enzyme responsible for the oxidation of nicotine and cotinine. It is also involved in the metabolism of several pharmaceuticals ...
Varenicline, sold under the brand names Chantix and Champix among others, is a medication used for smoking cessation [5][7] and for the treatment of dry eye disease. [6][8] It is a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist. [5][6] When activated, this receptor releases dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, the brain's reward center, thereby ...
Nicotine gum is a chewing gum containing a small dose of nicotine polacrilex.[1] It is classified as a short-acting (also called fast-acting) form of NRT because it relieves the cravings and symptoms that occur with smoking cessation more quickly than a long-acting NRT (i.e., the nicotine patch). It can be used alone or in conjunction with ...