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The Agami mechanism (1984) has an enamine intermediate with two proline units involved in the transition state (based on experimental reaction kinetics) [17] and according to a mechanism by Houk (2001) [18] [19] a single proline unit suffices with a cyclic transition state and with the proline carboxyl group involved in hydrogen bonding.
Methyl ketone self-condensation is a side-reaction which can be avoided through the addition of TiCl 4 [12] into the reaction mixture (to act as a water scavenger). [13] [14] An example of an aldehyde reacting with a secondary amine to form an enamine via a carbinolamine intermediate is shown below: Enamine synthesis with a carbinolamine ...
The Stork enamine alkylation involves the addition of an enamine to a Michael acceptor (e.g., an α,β -unsaturated carbonyl compound) or another electrophilic alkylation reagent to give an alkylated iminium product, which is hydrolyzed by dilute aqueous acid to give the alkylated ketone or aldehyde. [1] Since enamines are generally produced ...
The aldol reaction (aldol addition) is a reaction in organic chemistry that combines two carbonyl compounds (e.g. aldehydes or ketones) to form a new β-hydroxy carbonyl compound. Its simplest form might involve the nucleophilic addition of an enolized ketone to another: These products are known as aldols, from the ald ehyde + alcoh ol, a ...
Proline organocatalysis. Proline organocatalysis is the use of proline as an organocatalyst in organic chemistry. This theme is often considered the starting point for the area of organocatalysis, even though early discoveries went unappreciated. [1] Modifications, such as MacMillan’s catalyst and Jorgensen's catalysts, proceed with excellent ...
Aldolase A (ALDOA, or ALDA), also known as fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ALDOA gene on chromosome 16.. The protein encoded by this gene is a glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP).
Aldol condensation. An aldol condensation is a condensation reaction in organic chemistry in which two carbonyl moieties (of aldehydes or ketones) react to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone (an aldol reaction), and this is then followed by dehydration to give a conjugated enone. The overall reaction equation is as follows (where the ...
RXNO:0000335. Reductive amination (also known as reductive alkylation) is a form of amination that involves the conversion of a carbonyl group to an amine via an intermediate imine. The carbonyl group is most commonly a ketone or an aldehyde. It is a common method to make amines and is widely used in green chemistry since it can be done ...