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  2. Plant–animal interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantanimal_interaction

    Plant-animal interactions are important pathways for the transfer of energy within ecosystems, where both advantageous and unfavorable interactions support ecosystem health. [1][2] Plant-animal interactions can take on important ecological functions and manifest in a variety of combinations of favorable and unfavorable associations, for example ...

  3. Mutualism (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)

    For example, mutualistic interactions are vital for terrestrial ecosystem function as: about 80% of land plants species rely on mycorrhizal relationships with fungi to provide them with inorganic compounds and trace elements. [7] estimates of tropical rainforest plants with seed dispersal mutualisms with animals range at least from 70% to 93.5% ...

  4. Biological interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_interaction

    The black walnut secretes a chemical from its roots that harms neighboring plants, an example of competitive antagonism. In ecology, a biological interaction is the effect that a pair of organisms living together in a community have on each other. They can be either of the same species (intraspecific interactions), or of different species ...

  5. Ecological facilitation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_facilitation

    Mutualism is an interaction between species that is beneficial to both. A familiar example of a mutualism is the relationship between flowering plants and their pollinators. [2] [3] The plant benefits from the spread of pollen between flowers, while the pollinator receives some form of nourishment, either from nectar or the pollen itself.

  6. Pollination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination

    Early processes of plant regeneration greatly depend on plant-animal interactions and because these interactions are interrupted, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are threatened. [68] Pollination by animals aids in the genetic variability and diversity within plants because it allows for out-crossing instead for self-crossing.

  7. Plant communication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_communication

    Plant communication encompasses communication using volatile organic compounds, electrical signaling, and common mycorrhizal networks between plants and a host of other organisms such as soil microbes, [2] other plants [3] (of the same or other species), animals, [4] insects, [5] and fungi. [6] Plants communicate through a host of volatile ...

  8. Plant ecology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_ecology

    A tropical plant community on Diego Garcia Rangeland monitoring using Parker 3-step Method, Okanagan Washington 2002. Plant ecology is a subdiscipline of ecology that studies the distribution and abundance of plants, the effects of environmental factors upon the abundance of plants, and the interactions among plants and between plants and other organisms. [1]

  9. Human–animal communication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human–animal_communication

    Human–animal communication is the communication observed between humans and other animals, ranging from non-verbal cues and vocalizations to the use of language. [1] Some human–animal communication may be observed in casual circumstances, such as the interactions between pets and their owners, which can reflect a form of spoken, while not ...