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The internal carotid artery supplies the brain. Plaque often builds up at that division and causes a narrowing (stenosis). Pieces of plaque can break off and block the small arteries above in the brain, which causes a stroke. Plaque can also build up at the origin of the carotid artery at the aorta. [citation needed]
A pericardial effusion is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity. The pericardium is a two-part membrane surrounding the heart: the outer fibrous connective membrane and an inner two-layered serous membrane. The two layers of the serous membrane enclose the pericardial cavity (the potential space) between them. [1]
Fractional flow reserve is defined as the pressure after (distal to) a stenosis relative to the pressure before the stenosis. [2] The result is an absolute number; an FFR of 0.80 means that a given stenosis causes a 20% drop in blood pressure. In other words, FFR expresses the maximal flow down a vessel in the presence of a stenosis compared to ...
Systolic heart murmur. Auscultogram from normal and abnormal heart sounds. Systolic heart murmurs are heart murmurs heard during systole, [1][2][3] i.e. they begin and end between S1 and S2. Many involve stenosis of the semilunar valves or regurgitation of the atrioventricular valves.
Hemodynamically unstable patients require immediate medication and in most cases temporary pacing to increase heart rate and cardiac output. Once the patient is hemodynamically stable, a potentially reversible cause should be evaluated and treated. If no reversible cause is identified, a permanent pacemaker is inserted.
Mitral stenosis is a valvular heart disease characterized by the narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve of the heart. [ 1 ] It is almost always caused by rheumatic valvular heart disease. Normally, the mitral valve is about 5 cm 2 during diastole. Any decrease in area below 2 cm 2 causes mitral stenosis.
Stenoses. CT scan of a bronchial stenosis (arrow) that resulted from tracheobronchial injury. Pronunciation. / stəˈnoʊsɪs / [1][2] Stenosis (from Ancient Greek στενός (stenós) 'narrow') is the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure such as foramina and canals. It is also sometimes called a stricture ...
In cardiology, aortic valve area calculation is an indirect method of determining the area of the aortic valve of the heart. The calculated aortic valve orifice area is currently one of the measures for evaluating the severity of aortic stenosis. A valve area of less than 1.0 cm 2 is considered to be severe aortic stenosis. [1][2]