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The feminine of first- and second-declension adjectives uses the -ā class of the first declension: -os, -ā/ē, -on; First- and third-declension adjectives, including participles in -nt-, use the -(y)ă class. Here are examples of this class, which is complex because of sound changes involving the y (see Ancient Greek nouns: short a): -us ...
The first declension includes mostly feminine nouns, but also a few masculine nouns, including agent nouns in -της, patronyms in -ίδης, and demonyms. The first-declension genitive plural always takes a circumflex on the last syllable. In Homeric Greek the ending was -άων (ᾱ) or -έων (through shortening from *-ηων).
It takes the nominative endings -τέος, -τέᾱ, -τέον (-téos, -téā, -téon), declining like a normal first/second declension adjective. Its stem is normally of the same form as the aorist passive, [40] but with φ changed to π and χ to κ, e.g.
Greek is a largely synthetic (inflectional) language. Although the complexity of the inflectional system has been somewhat reduced in comparison to Ancient Greek, there is also a considerable degree of continuity in the morphological system, and Greek still has a somewhat archaic character compared with other Indo-European languages of Europe. [8]
The second declension is a category of nouns in Latin and Greek with similar case formation. In particular, these nouns are thematic , with an original o in most of their forms. [ 1 ] In Classical Latin , the short o of the nominative and accusative singular became u .
A Greek–English Lexicon, often referred to as Liddell & Scott (/ ˈ l ɪ d əl /) [1] or Liddell–Scott–Jones (LSJ), is a standard lexicographical work of the Ancient Greek language originally edited by Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, Henry Stuart Jones, and Roderick McKenzie and published in 1843 by the Oxford University Press.
Although the a of the Greek and Latin first declension was not originally a thematic vowel, it is considered one in Greek and Latin grammar. In both languages, first-declension nouns take some endings belonging to the thematic second declension. An a-stem noun was originally a collective noun suffixed with -eh₂, the ending of the neuter plural.
Ancient Greek has no perfect progressive or past perfect progressive. Thus, the meaning "he has been doing" is typically expressed with the present tense, and "he had been doing (earlier)" is expressed with the imperfect tense: [30] πολλά γε ἔτη ἤδη εἰμὶ ἐν τῇ τέχνῃ. [31] pollá ge étē ḗdē eimì en têi ...