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Insulin, which lowers blood sugar, and glucagon, which raises it, are the most well known of the hormones involved, but more recent discoveries of other glucoregulatory hormones have expanded the understanding of this process. The gland called pancreas secretes two hormones and they are primarily responsible to regulate glucose levels in blood. [1]
When the insulin binds to these alpha subunits, 'glucose transport 4' (GLUT4) is released and transferred to the cell membrane to regulate glucose transport in and out of the cell. With the release of GLUT4, the allowance of glucose into cells is increased, and therefore the concentration of blood glucose might decrease.
In blood-glucose levels, insulin lowers the concentration of glucose in the blood. The lower blood-glucose level (a product of the insulin secretion) triggers glucagon to be secreted, and repeats the cycle. [22] In order for blood glucose to be kept stable, modifications to insulin, glucagon, epinephrine and cortisol are made.
People with diabetes specifically struggle with their glucose levels due to a lack of insulin, the hormone that regulates glucose by transporting it into the blood. Therefore, the glucose range in ...
Beta cells are sensitive to blood sugar levels so that they secrete insulin into the blood in response to high level of glucose, and inhibit secretion of insulin when glucose levels are low. [10] Insulin production is also regulated by glucose: high glucose promotes insulin production while low glucose levels lead to lower production. [11]
In beta cells, insulin release is stimulated primarily by glucose present in the blood. [4] As circulating glucose levels rise such as after ingesting a meal, insulin is secreted in a dose-dependent fashion. [4] This system of release is commonly referred to as glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). [10]
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