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where is osmotic pressure, i is the dimensionless van 't Hoff index, c is the molar concentration of solute, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature (usually in kelvins). This formula applies when the solute concentration is sufficiently low that the solution can be treated as an ideal solution.
The van 't Hoff factor i (named after Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff) is a measure of the effect of a solute on colligative properties such as osmotic pressure, relative lowering in vapor pressure, boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression.
When B / C > 1, B is the favored product, and the data on the Van 't Hoff plot will be in the positive region. When B / C < 1, C is the favored product, and the data on the Van 't Hoff plot will be in the negative region. Using this information, a Van 't Hoff analysis can help determine the most suitable temperature for a ...
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff Jr. (Dutch: [vɑn (ə)t ˈɦɔf]; 30 August 1852 – 1 March 1911) was a Dutch physical chemist. A highly influential theoretical chemist of his time, van 't Hoff was the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry .
The pressure required to stop the flow across the membrane is called the osmotic pressure. [1] The osmotic pressure is measured and used to calculate M n {\displaystyle M_{n}} . In an ideally dilute solution, van ‘t Hoff's law of osmotic pressure can be used to calculate M n {\displaystyle M_{n}} from osmotic pressure.
Similarly, the combined ideal gas law, =, has as an analogue for ideal solutions =, where is osmotic pressure; V is the volume; n is the number of moles of solute; R is the molar gas constant 8.314 J K −1 mol −1; T is absolute temperature; and i is the Van 't Hoff factor. The osmotic pressure is then proportional to the molar concentration ...
The use of osmometers began in the late nineteenth century after Van't Hoff won a Nobel Prize for his research and discovery that the relationship between the osmotic pressure of dilute colloid solutions and concentration was consistent with the ideal gas law. [4]
Van 't Hoff studied chemical dynamics and in 1884 published his famous "Études de dynamique chimique". [5] In 1901 he was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Chemistry "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions". [6]