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Superplasticizers (SPs), also known as high range water reducers, are additives used for making high-strength concrete or to place self-compacting concrete. Plasticizers are chemical compounds enabling the production of concrete with approximately 15% less water content. Superplasticizers allow reduction in water content by 30% or more.
Water reducers are special chemical products added to a concrete mixture before it is poured. They are from the same family of products as retarders . The first class of water reducers was the lignosulfonates which has been used since the 1930s.
Self-consolidating concrete or self-compacting concrete (SCC) [1] is a concrete mix which has a low yield stress, high deformability, good segregation resistance (prevents separation of particles in the mix), and moderate viscosity (necessary to ensure uniform suspension of solid particles during transportation, placement (without external compaction), and thereafter until the concrete sets).
The performance of a concrete mix can be altered by use of admixtures. Admixtures can be used to reduce water requirements, entrain air into a mixture, to improve surface durability, or even superplasticise concrete to make it self-levelling, as self-consolidating concrete, [14] the use of admixtures requires precision in dosing and mix design ...
Ohio's minimum pay is increasing to $10.70 from $10.45 due to an inflation adjustment, but there is not a single county in the state where a worker can make less than $17.73 an hour and maintain a ...
An analysis of 2024 Google search data revealed the top health questions asked by Americans. A registered nurse provides answers to the seven most common inquiries.
These low range water reducing dispersants are commonly manufactured from lignosulfonates, a by-product from the paper industry. High range superplasticizers (dispersants) have generally been manufactured from sulfonated naphthalene condensate, although polycarboxylic ethers represent more modern alternatives. Both of these high range water ...
According to City of Delray Beach officials, Palm Beach County Fire Rescue provided assistance, taking a total of 12 people to the hospital with minor injuries.. Three firefighters were also ...
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