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Given nitrate's low basicity, the tendency of metal nitrate complexes toward hydrolysis is expected. Thus copper(II) nitrate readily dissociates in aqueous solution to give the aqua complex: Cu(NO 3) 2 + 6 H 2 O → [Cu(H 2 O) 6](NO 3) 2. Pyrolysis of metal nitrates yields oxides. [18] Ni(NO 3) 2 → NiO + NO 2 + 0.5 O 2
Copper(II) nitrate finds a variety of applications, the main one being its conversion to copper(II) oxide, which is used as catalyst for a variety of processes in organic chemistry. Its solutions are used in textiles and polishing agents for other metals. Copper nitrates are found in some pyrotechnics. [7]
A thermite reaction using iron(III) oxide. The sparks flying outwards are globules of molten iron trailing smoke in their wake. In the following example, elemental aluminum reduces the oxide of another metal, in this common example iron oxide, because aluminum forms stronger and more stable bonds with oxygen than iron:
Metal ammine complexes find many uses. Cisplatin (cis-[PtCl 2 (NH 3) 2]) is a drug used in treating cancer. [19] Many other amine complexes of the platinum group metals have been evaluated for this application. In the separation of the individual platinum metals from their ore, several schemes rely on the precipitation of [RhCl(NH 3) 5]Cl 2.
The standard Gibbs free energy of formation (G f °) of a compound is the change of Gibbs free energy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at 1 bar of pressure and the specified temperature, usually 298.15 K or 25 °C).
Iron and ligand are absorbed separately by the plant roots whereby the highly stable ferric chelate is first reduced to the less stable ferrous chelate. [6] In horticulture , iron chelate is often referred to as 'sequestered iron' and is used as a plant tonic, often mixed with other nutrients and plant foods (e.g. seaweed ).
Like oxide, fluoride is a highly basic anion [19] and is known to stabilize metal ions in high oxidation states. Both copper(III) and even copper(IV) fluorides are known, K 3 CuF 6 and Cs 2 CuF 6, respectively. [1] Some copper proteins form oxo complexes, which also feature copper(III). [20]
Iron shows the characteristic chemical properties of the transition metals, namely the ability to form variable oxidation states differing by steps of one and a very large coordination and organometallic chemistry: indeed, it was the discovery of an iron compound, ferrocene, that revolutionalized the latter field in the 1950s. [1]