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This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Hindi and Urdu on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Hindi and Urdu in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them.
While [z] is a foreign sound, it is also natively found as an allophone of /s/ beside voiced consonants. The other three Persian loans, /q, x, ɣ/, are still considered to fall under the domain of Urdu, and are also used by some Hindi speakers; however, other Hindi speakers may assimilate these sounds to /k, kʰ, g/ respectively.
The sound represented by ṛ has also been largely lost in the modern languages, and its pronunciation now ranges from [ɾɪ] (Hindi) to [ɾu] (Marathi). ḹ is not an actual phoneme of Sanskrit, but rather a graphic convention included among the vowels in order to maintain the symmetry of short–long pairs of letters. [43]
The following is the chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association.
The common pronunciation of the final /-ijj/ is most often pronounced as or . A form similar to but distinguished from yāʾ is the ʾalif maqṣūrah (أَلِف مَقْصُورَة) "limited/restricted alif", with the form ى. It indicates a final long /aː/.
The iotated vowel is pronounced /ja/ in initial or post-vocalic positions, like the English pronunciation of ya in "yard". When я follows a soft consonant, no /j/ sound occurs between the consonant and the vowel. The exact pronunciation of the vowel sound of я depends also on the following sound by allophony in the Slavic languages.
"I can't put into words how I felt − anger, sadness and worry," parent Dustin Reed said about the incident at a Cracker Barrel in Waldorf, Maryland.
While this type of script is convenient in Semitic languages like Arabic and Hebrew, whose consonant roots are the key of the sentence, Urdu is an Indo-European language, which requires more precision in vowel sound pronunciation, hence necessitating more memorisation. The number of letters in the Urdu alphabet is somewhat ambiguous and debated.