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In number theory, a narcissistic number [1] [2] (also known as a pluperfect digital invariant (PPDI), [3] an Armstrong number [4] (after Michael F. Armstrong) [5] or a plus perfect number) [6] in a given number base is a number that is the sum of its own digits each raised to the power of the number of digits.
The main objective of interval arithmetic is to provide a simple way of calculating upper and lower bounds of a function's range in one or more variables. These endpoints are not necessarily the true supremum or infimum of a range since the precise calculation of those values can be difficult or impossible; the bounds only need to contain the function's range as a subset.
The earliest reference to a similar formula appears to be Armstrong (1985, p. 348), where it is called "adjusted MAPE" and is defined without the absolute values in the denominator. It was later discussed, modified, and re-proposed by Flores (1986). Armstrong's original definition is as follows:
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In summary, a set of the real numbers is an interval, if and only if it is an open interval, a closed interval, or a half-open interval. [4] [5] A degenerate interval is any set consisting of a single real number (i.e., an interval of the form [a, a]). [6] Some authors include the empty set in this definition.
The following greedy algorithm finds a solution that contains at least 1/2 of the optimal number of intervals: [8] Select the interval, x, with the earliest finishing time. Remove x, and all intervals intersecting x, and all intervals in the same group of x, from the set of candidate intervals. Continue until the set of candidate intervals is ...
In mathematics and statistics, a quantitative variable may be continuous or discrete if it is typically obtained by measuring or counting, respectively. [1] If it can take on two particular real values such that it can also take on all real values between them (including values that are arbitrarily or infinitesimally close together), the variable is continuous in that interval. [2]
4 members of a sequence of nested intervals. In mathematics, a sequence of nested intervals can be intuitively understood as an ordered collection of intervals on the real number line with natural numbers =,,, … as an index. In order for a sequence of intervals to be considered nested intervals, two conditions have to be met: