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To reduce the game complexity, researchers have modified these complex games by reducing the size of the board, or the number of pieces, or both. Computer chess is one of the oldest domains of artificial intelligence, having begun in the early 1930s. Claude Shannon proposed formal criteria for evaluating chess moves in 1949.
The Lucena position is, incorrectly, named after the Castillian Luis Ramírez de Lucena, since the position does not appear in his book on chess, Repetición de Amores e Arte de Axedrez (1497). The earliest preserved discussion of the position is in Alessandro Salvio 's Il Puttino (1634), a romance on the career of the chess player Leonardo da ...
[13] [14] Chess-variant theorist Ralph Betza identified the 'leveling effect', which causes reduction of the value of stronger pieces in the presence of opponent weaker pieces, due to the latter interdicting access to part of the board for the former in order to prevent the value difference from evaporating by 1-for-1 trading. This effect ...
The two pieces have the advantage if the opponent's pawns are weak. Initiative is more important in this endgame than any other. The general outcome can be broken down by the number of pawns. The two pieces have one or more extra pawns: always a win for the pieces. Same number of pawns: usually a draw but the two pieces win more often than the ...
However, the win is difficult to achieve in practice, [2] especially against precise defense. [ 3 ] Normally, the winning process involves first winning the rook with the queen via a fork and then checkmating with the king and queen, but forced checkmates with the rook still on the board are possible in some positions or against incorrect defense.
For instance, the World Chess Championship 1978 was won by Anatoly Karpov by a score of 6 wins to 5, with draws not counting. The match score is usually given as "6−5", or "6−5 with 21 draws". Sometimes a Three points for a win system is used: 3 points for a win, 1 for a draw and 0 for a loss. This is usually shown as the number of points ...
In the game of chess, an endgame study, or just study, is a composed position—that is, one that has been made up rather than played in an actual game—presented as a sort of puzzle, in which the aim of the solver is to find the essentially unique way for one side (usually White) to win or draw, as stipulated, against any moves the other side plays.
Board representation in computer chess is a data structure in a chess program representing the position on the chessboard and associated game state. [1] Board representation is fundamental to all aspects of a chess program including move generation, the evaluation function, and making and unmaking moves (i.e. search) as well as maintaining the state of the game during play.