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Graves' ophthalmopathy, also known as thyroid eye disease (TED), is an autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the orbit and periorbital tissues, characterized by upper eyelid retraction, lid lag, swelling, redness (), conjunctivitis, and bulging eyes (exophthalmos). [1]
Exophthalmos (also called exophthalmus, exophthalmia, proptosis, or exorbitism) is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the orbit. Exophthalmos can be either bilateral (as is often seen in Graves' disease ) or unilateral (as is often seen in an orbital tumor).
Exophthalmos associated with Grave's disease disappears when the thyrotoxicosis is corrected. Infiltrative ophthalmopathy at times may not be cured. Treatments consist of high dose glucocorticoids and low dose radiotherapy. [3] The current hypothesis is that infiltrative ophthalmopathy may be autoimmune in nature targeting retrobulbar tissue ...
The same three treatments used with humans are also options in treating feline hyperthyroidism (surgery, radioiodine treatment, and anti-thyroid drugs). There is also a special low iodine diet available that will control the symptoms providing no other food is fed; Hill's y/d formula, when given exclusively, decreases T4 production by limiting ...
Idiopathic orbital inflammatory (IOI) disease refers to a marginated mass-like enhancing soft tissue involving any area of the orbit.It is the most common painful orbital mass in the adult population, and is associated with proptosis, cranial nerve palsy (Tolosa–Hunt syndrome), uveitis, and retinal detachment.
Dr. Omar Fakhri, 1989. Dr. Omar Fakhri (Arabic: الدكتور عمر فخري; born 18 October 1934) is an Iraqi medical scientist who is best known for his research in several areas: the role of vitamin K in treating hemorrhagic diathesis in children, the cooperation between antibodies and lymphocytes and their role in immune response, the use of peritoneal macrophages in the treatment of ...
Risedronate treatment has been demonstrated to help restore bone mass in osteopenia/osteoporosis associated with Graves' disease. [18] Nevertheless, weight-bearing exercises , a balanced diet , calcium intake of about 1500 mg a day and enough vitamin D , are of course elementary foundations.
Surgery is considered the final choice of treatment, due to the high risk of blindness and damage to the affected eye. [4] [5] [6] It is considered in only certain scenarios, such as relieving a cosmetically unappealing bulging eye (exophthalmos), removing an enlarging and/or expanding tumor or a combination of both. [4] [6]