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  2. Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial...

    Mandarin (traditional Chinese: 官話; simplified Chinese: 官话; pinyin: Guānhuà; lit. 'official speech') was the common spoken language of administration of the Chinese empire during the Ming and Qing dynasties.

  3. Manchu language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchu_language

    As the traditional native language of the Manchus, it was one of the official languages of the Qing dynasty (1644–1912) of China, although today the vast majority of Manchus speak only Mandarin Chinese. Several thousand can speak Manchu as a second language through governmental primary education or free classes for adults in classrooms or online.

  4. Qing dynasty - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty

    The multi-ethnic Qing dynasty assembled the territorial base for modern China. The Qing controlled the most territory of any dynasty in Chinese history, and in 1790 represented the fourth-largest empire in world history to that point. With over 426 million citizens in 1907, [15] it was the most populous country in the world at the time.

  5. Pentaglot Dictionary - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentaglot_Dictionary

    The Pentaglot Dictionary [1] [2] (Chinese: 御製五體清文鑑, Yuzhi Wuti Qing Wenjian; the term 清文, Qingwen, "Qing language", was another name for the Manchu language in Chinese), also known as the Manchu Polyglot Dictionary, [3] [4] was a dictionary of major imperial languages compiled in the late Qianlong era of the Qing dynasty (also said to be compiled in 1794).

  6. History of Qing (People's Republic) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Qing_(People's...

    The History of Qing project has thus involved scholars with diverse positions regarding the questions posed by NQH. Wu Guo notes the role NQH has played in the project's "attention [paid] to the multi-ethnic character of the Qing as a conquest dynasty, its territorial expansion, as well as the importance of the Manchu-language sources." [34]

  7. Mandarin (bureaucrat) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)

    A 15th-century portrait of the Ming official Jiang Shunfu.The cranes on his mandarin square indicate that he was a civil official of the sixth rank. A Qing photograph of a government official with mandarin square embroidered in front A European view: a mandarin travelling by boat, Baptista van Doetechum, 1604 Nguyễn Văn Tường (chữ Hán: 阮文祥, 1824–1886) was a mandarin of the ...

  8. History of Standard Chinese - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Standard_Chinese

    The Ming (1368–1644) and Qing dynasties (1644–1912) began to use the term Guanhua (官話) 'official speech' to refer to the dialect used at the courts.It seems that during the early part of this period, the standard was based on the Nanjing dialect, but later the Beijing dialect became increasingly influential, despite the mix of officials and commoners speaking various dialects in the ...

  9. Names of the Qing dynasty - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_Qing_dynasty

    The Qing dynasty was founded by the Manchu people, a Tungusic people who conquered the Ming dynasty, and by the 18th century it had extended its control into Inner Asia. During the Qing period languages like Chinese, Manchu, Mongolian, Tibetan, and Turki were often used in the Qing realm.