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Formic acid-based fuel cells represent a promising energy supply system in terms of high volumetric energy density, theoretical energy efficiency, and theoretical open-circuit voltage. They are also able to overcome certain problems inherent to traditional hydrogen (H 2 ) feed fuel cells such as safe handling, storage, and H 2 transportation.
The options include chemical flooding, thermal/steam injection, and CO 2 injection. [2] [6] One of the criteria for determining if CO 2 flooding is a candidate for the recovery of oil from the formation is the pressure of the formation. The miscibility of the CO 2 and the crude oil is dependent upon the pressure and the temperature.
Gasoline Treatment: The fourth reactor provides transalkylation and hydrogenation treatment to the products coming from Reactor 3. The treatment reduces durene/isodurene (tetramethylbenzenes) and trimethylbenzene components that have high freezing points and must be minimized in gasoline. As a result, the synthetic gasoline product has high ...
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Formic acid can be used directly in formic acid fuel cells or indirectly in hydrogen fuel cells. [39] [40] Electrolytic conversion of electrical energy to chemical fuel has been proposed as a large-scale source of formate by various groups. [41] The formate could be used as feed to modified E. coli bacteria for producing biomass.
CO2RR can produce diverse compounds including formate (HCOO −), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH 4), ethylene (C 2 H 4), and ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH). [2] The main challenges are the relatively high cost of electricity (vs petroleum) and that CO 2 is often contaminated with O 2 and must be purified before reduction.
Hydrothermal carbonization makes it possible - similar to the biomass-to-liquid process - to use almost all of the carbon contained in the biomass for fuel generation. It is a new variation of an old field (biomass conversion to biofuel) that has recently been further developed in Germany. [2]
Gas to liquids (GTL) is a refinery process to convert natural gas or other gaseous hydrocarbons into longer-chain hydrocarbons, such as gasoline or diesel fuel. Methane -rich gases are converted into liquid synthetic fuels .
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