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The original term 'deficit model' was believed to be [3] coined in the 1930s, [4] and sometimes attributed to the work of Jon D. Miller, though his widely cited work on scientific literacy does not employ the term. [1] The deficit model sees the general population as the receiver of information and scientific knowledge.
Public administration theory refers to the study and analysis of the principles, concepts, and models that guide the practice of public administration. It provides a framework for understanding the complexities and challenges of managing public organizations and implementing public policies.
Budget theory is the academic study of political and social motivations behind government and civil society budgeting. Classic theorists in Public Budgeting include Henry Adams , William F. Willoughby , V. O. Key, Jr. , and, more recently, Aaron Wildavsky .
There are many different theories regarding how consumers make decisions. These can be applied to try to explain why there is a value-action gap for some behaviors. For example, as Sammer and Wüstenhagen (2006:188) point out microeconomic theory (consumer theory) states that, “humans make decisions that maximize their utility”. [34]
Educational management refers to the administration of the education system in which a group combines human and material resources to supervise, plan, strategise, and implement structures to execute an education system.
Education sciences, [1] also known as education studies, education theory, and traditionally called pedagogy, [2] seek to describe, understand, and prescribe education including education policy. Subfields include comparative education , educational research , instructional theory , curriculum theory and psychology , philosophy , sociology ...
A budget deficit is the difference between revenue, which comes mostly from taxes, and expenses, which includes everything from missiles to Medicaid. In short, deficits happen when the government ...
In other words, raising the payroll tax by $1 as part of an austerity strategy would slow the economy more than would raising the income tax by $1, resulting in less net deficit reduction. In theory, it would stimulate the economy and reduce the deficit if the payroll tax were lowered and the income tax raised in equal amounts. [30]