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Alachlor is an herbicide from the chloroacetanilide family. It is an odorless, white solid. The greatest use of alachlor is for control of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds in crops. Use of alachlor is illegal in the European Union [1] and no products containing alachlor are currently registered in the United States. [2]
Chloroacetyl chloride is bifunctional—the acyl chloride easily forms esters [4] and amides, while the other end of the molecule is able to form other linkages, e.g. with amines. The use of chloroacetyl chloride in the synthesis of lidocaine is illustrative: [ 5 ]
Acetochlor has been classified as a probable human carcinogen. [1] [4] Acetochlor, as alachlor, can cause nasal turbinate tumors via the generation of a common tissue reactive metabolite that leads to cytotoxicity and regenerative proliferation in the nasal epithelium.
Chloroacetamide is produced by ammonolysis of esters of chloroacetic acid: [3] [4] ClCH 2 CO 2 CH 3 + NH 3 → ClCH 2 C(O)NH 2 + CH 3 OH. Uses.
Chloroacetonitrile is the organic compound with the formula ClCH 2 CN. A colorless liquid, it is derived from acetonitrile (CH 3 CN) by replacement of one H with Cl. In practice, it is produced by dehydration of chloroacetamide. [1]
Though there is no set maximum concentration (maximum contaminant level, MCL) for metolachlor that is allowed in drinking water, the US EPA does have a health advisory level (HAL) of 0.525 mg/L. Metolachlor has been detected in ground and surface waters in concentrations ranging from 0.08 to 4.5 parts per billion (ppb) throughout the U.S. [9]
Alkali metal and alkaline earth metal acetylides of the general formula MC≡CM are salt-like Zintl phase compounds, containing C 2− 2 ions. Evidence for this ionic character can be seen in the ready hydrolysis of these compounds to form acetylene and metal oxides, and by solubility in liquid ammonia with solvated C 2−
Some organochlorides are considered safe enough for consumption in foods and medicines. For example, peas and broad beans contain the natural chlorinated plant hormone 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid (4-Cl-IAA); [16] [17] and the sweetener sucralose (Splenda) is widely used in diet products.