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  2. Genetic code - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_code

    Efforts to understand how proteins are encoded began after DNA's structure was discovered in 1953. The key discoverers, English biophysicist Francis Crick and American biologist James Watson, working together at the Cavendish Laboratory of the University of Cambridge, hypothesied that information flows from DNA and that there is a link between DNA and proteins. [2]

  3. Polymerase chain reaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction

    A strip of eight PCR tubes, each containing a 100 μL reaction mixture Placing a strip of eight PCR tubes into a thermal cycler. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a method widely used to make millions to billions of copies of a specific DNA sample rapidly, allowing scientists to amplify a very small sample of DNA (or a part of it) sufficiently to enable detailed study.

  4. The human brain, particularly the prefrontal cortex, does not reach "full maturity" or "full development" at any particular age (e.g. 16, 18, 21, 25, 30). Changes in structure and myelination of gray matter are recorded to continue with relative consistency all throughout life including until death.

  5. Bacteria - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria

    Bacteria (/ b æ k ˈ t ɪər i ə / ⓘ; sg.: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats.

  6. Rosalind Franklin - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin

    This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 3 February 2025. British X-ray crystallographer (1920–1958) This article is about the chemist. For the Mars rover named after her, see Rosalind Franklin (rover). Rosalind Franklin Franklin with a microscope in 1955 Born Rosalind Elsie Franklin (1920-07-25) 25 July 1920 Notting Hill, London, England ...

  7. Scientific method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method

    The basic elements of the scientific method are illustrated by the following example (which occurred from 1944 to 1953) from the discovery of the structure of DNA (marked with and indented). In 1950, it was known that genetic inheritance had a mathematical description, starting with the studies of Gregor Mendel , and that DNA contained genetic ...

  8. Africa - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa

    Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia.At about 30.3 million km 2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surface area. [9]

  9. Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous–Paleogene...

    The team analyzed combined extinction patterns using a new clumped isotope temperature record from a hiatus-free, expanded K–Pg boundary section. They documented a 7.8±3.3 °C warming synchronous with the onset of Deccan Traps volcanism and a second, smaller warming at the time of meteorite impact.