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Outright bribery: In countries with endemic corruption, for instance, a member of the police force, a migration or customs officer, or any other type of government official may be swayed from legitimately or illegitimately arresting, issuing a fine, or imposing a tax on someone by a suitable payment of baksheesh which would constitute a bribe ...
Corruption includes industrial corruption, consisting of large bribes, as well as petty corruption such as a poacher paying off a park ranger to ignore poaching. The presence of fuel extraction and export is unambiguously associated with corruption, whereas mineral exports only increased corruption in poorer countries.
In an Islamic context it can refer to spreading corruption on Earth or spreading mischief in a Muslim land, [2] moral corruption against God, [3] or disturbance of the public peace. [ 4 ] The spread of fasad is a major theme in the Quran, and the notion is often contrasted with islah (setting things aright). [ 5 ]
In Islamic Law, tazir (ta'zeer or ta'zir, Arabic: تعزير) lit. scolding; refers to punishment for offenses at the discretion of the judge or ruler of the state. [1] It is one of three major types of punishments or sanctions under Islamic law, Sharia — hadd, qisas / diyya and ta'zir. [2]
Graft, as understood in American English, is a form of political corruption defined as the unscrupulous use of a politician's authority for personal gain. Political graft occurs when funds intended for public projects are intentionally misdirected in order to maximize the benefits to private interests.
The corruption of the Biblical text was elaborated more extensively by ibn Hazm in the 11th century, who popularized the concept of tahrif al-nass "corruption of the text". Ibn Hazm rejected claims of Mosaic authorship and posited that Ezra was the author of the Torah.
The Islamic concept of sovereignty differs from the western principles of international custom and law established by the Treaty of Westphalia. An important element of this is the Ummah — the community of Muslims as a whole.
Islamic Law and Legal Change: The Concept of Maslaha in Classical and Contemporary Legal Theory. Vol. Shari'a: Islamic Law in the Contemporary Context (Kindle ed.). Stanford University Press. Rabb, Intisar A. (2009). "Law. Civil Law & Courts". In John L. Esposito (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press.