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Botulinum toxin, or botulinum neurotoxin (commonly called botox), is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species. [24] It prevents the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from axon endings at the neuromuscular junction , thus causing flaccid paralysis . [ 25 ]
C. botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-forming bacterium. [1] It is an obligate anaerobe, the organism survives in an environment that lacks oxygen.However, C. botulinum tolerates traces of oxygen due to the enzyme superoxide dismutase, which is an important antioxidant defense in nearly all cells exposed to oxygen. [7]
Botox or Dysport injections have the advantage of ready availability (the same form is used for cosmetic surgery) and the effects are not permanent. There is a risk of temporary paralysis of the muscles being injected or the leaking of the toxin into adjacent muscle groups, causing weakness or paralysis in them.
Botulism; A 14-year-old boy with botulism, characterised by weakness of the eye muscles and the drooping eyelids shown in the left image, and dilated and non-moving pupils shown in the right image.
Synaptosomal-Associated Protein, 25kDa (SNAP-25) is a Target Soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor) Attachment Protein Receptor protein encoded by the SNAP25 gene found on chromosome 20p12.2 in humans.
Dysport [29] (Botulinum toxin) is a prescription medicine used for pathologies characterized by involuntary and uncomfortable muscle contractions (dystonias: blepharospasm, spasmodic torticollis, hemifacial spasm; spasticity: spasticity of the upper or lower limb, dynamic deformation of the equine foot). This drug is also used in aesthetic ...
The platysma muscle lies just deep to the subcutaneous fascia and fat. [1] [3] It covers many structures found deeper in the neck, such as the external carotid artery, the external jugular vein, [4] the parotid gland, [4] the lesser occipital nerve, [4] the great auricular nerve, [4] and the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve.
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