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Filtration is used to separate particles and fluid in a suspension, where the fluid can be a liquid, a gas or a supercritical fluid. Depending on the application, either one or both of the components may be isolated. Filtration, as a physical operation enables materials of different chemical compositions to be separated.
Filtration – Mesh, bag and paper filters are used to remove large particulates suspended in fluids (e.g., fly ash) while membrane processes including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, dialysis (biochemistry) utilising synthetic membranes, separates micrometre-sized or smaller species
Among the methods of filtration, notable examples are sedimentation, used to separate hard and suspended solids from water [2] and activated charcoal treatment, where, typically, boiled water is poured through a piece of cloth to trap undesired residuals. [3]
In terms of approximate molecular weight these membranes can separate macromolecules of molecular weights generally less than 100,000 g/mol. [2] The filters used in the microfiltration process are specially designed to prevent particles such as, sediment, algae, protozoa or large bacteria from passing through a specially designed filter.
In dead-end filtration, the direction of the fluid flow is normal to the membrane surface. Both flow geometries offer some advantages and disadvantages. Generally, dead-end filtration is used for feasibility studies on a laboratory scale. The dead-end membranes are relatively easy to fabricate which reduces the cost of the separation process.
Slow "artificial" filtration (a variation of bank filtration) into the ground at the Water purification plant Káraný, Czech Republic A profile of layers of gravel, sand and fine sand used in a slow sand filter plant. Slow sand filters may be used where there is sufficient land and space, as the water flows very slowly through the filters ...
Refining is used primarily in the petroleum industry, whereby crude oil is heated and separated into stages according to the condensation points of the various elements. Distillation, widely used in petroleum refining and in purification of ethanol separates volatile liquids on the basis of their relative volatilities. There are several type of ...
This separation process is used in industry and research for purifying and concentrating macromolecular (10 3 –10 6 Da) solutions, especially protein solutions. Ultrafiltration is not fundamentally different from microfiltration. Both of these are separate based on size exclusion or particle capture.