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Structural model at atomic resolution of bacteriophage T4 [1] The structure of a typical myovirus bacteriophage Anatomy and infection cycle of bacteriophage T4.. A bacteriophage (/ b æ k ˈ t ɪər i oʊ f eɪ dʒ /), also known informally as a phage (/ ˈ f eɪ dʒ /), is a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria and archaea.
[45] [46] However, a few biologists argue that the Archaea and Eukaryota arose from a group of bacteria. [47] In any case, it is thought that viruses and archaea began relationships approximately two billion years ago, and that co-evolution may have been occurring between members of these groups. [48]
Some types of H. influenzae contain a polysaccharide capsule around the outer membrane to aid in protection and colonization. [14] The bacteria are pleomorphic, meaning the shape of the bacterium is variable, however it is typically coccobacillus or rod-shaped. [15] H. Influenzae contains pili, which are specialized to adhere to the human ...
Gamma phage, an example of virus particles (visualised by electron microscopy) Virology is the scientific study of biological viruses.It is a subfield of microbiology that focuses on their detection, structure, classification and evolution, their methods of infection and exploitation of host cells for reproduction, their interaction with host organism physiology and immunity, the diseases they ...
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to concepts related to infectious diseases in humans.. Infection – transmission, entry/invasion after evading/overcoming defense, establishment, and replication of disease-causing microscopic organisms (pathogens) inside a host organism, and the reaction of host tissues to them and to the toxins they produce.
While bacteria are typically viewed as pathogens, they serve as hosts to bacteriophage viruses (commonly known as phages). The bacteriophage life cycle involves the viruses injecting their genome into bacterial cells, inserting those genes into the bacterial genome, and hijacking the bacteria's machinery to produce hundreds of new phages until ...
Bacteria often attach to surfaces and form dense aggregations called biofilms [51] and larger formations known as microbial mats. [52] These biofilms and mats can range from a few micrometres in thickness to up to half a metre in depth, and may contain multiple species of bacteria, protists and archaea.
Viruses are the most abundant biological entity in aquatic environments; [95] one teaspoon of seawater contains about ten million viruses, [96] and they are essential to the regulation of saltwater and freshwater ecosystems. [97] Most are bacteriophages, [98] which are harmless to plants and animals. They infect and destroy the bacteria in ...
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