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The structure of the French judiciary is divided into three tiers: Inferior courts of original and general jurisdiction; Intermediate appellate courts which hear cases on appeal from lower courts; Courts of last resort which hear appeals from lower appellate courts on the interpretation of law. There are exceptions to this scheme, as noted below.
Organization of the French judiciary for criminal matters. There are two categories of criminal jurisdiction: investigation ( French : instruction ) and judgement ( jugement ). This distinction is echoed by the French code of criminal procedure ( Code de procédure pénale ), which nevertheless does not define how to distinguish the one from ...
These ordinary courts mainly deals with civil and criminal cases, and are composed of judges called 'magistrates (French: Magistrat)' educated from French National School for the Judiciary, while judges composing administrative court and constitutional court are usually not trained in French National School for the Judiciary.
The jurisdiction of the Paris judicial court is nationwide for matters of: crimes against humanity and war crimes, [3] crimes committed outside the territory by members of the French armed forces or against them in peacetime [4] (since the removal of the Tribunal of the armies of Paris in 2012), corruption and tax evasion. [5]
The judges of the commercial courts are not career judges but elected traders. They are elected for terms of two or four years by an electoral college made up of current and former judges of the commercial courts and traders’ delegates (délégués consulaires), who are themselves traders elected in the area within the jurisdiction of the court.
In French criminal law, the investigation phase (instruction) in a criminal proceeding is the procedure during which an investigating judge (juge d'instruction) gathers evidence on the commission of an offense and decides whether to refer the persons charged to the trial court. The investigating judge is the first instance of investigation.
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in modern law cour d'assises exists only in the French judiciary and other civil law jurisdictions, i.e. Corte d'Assise Italian Cour d'assises; Belgian Cour d'assises; it may also refer to obsolete courts in a number of common law jurisdictions, for example: Assizes; Assizes (Ireland) or royal writs, for example: Assize of Clarendon; Assize of ...