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The word "incumbent" is derived from the Latin verb incumbere, literally meaning "to lean or lay upon" with the present participle stem incumbent-, "leaning a variant of encumber, [1] while encumber is derived from the root cumber, [2] most appropriately defined: "To occupy obstructively or inconveniently; to block fill up with what hinders freedom of motion or action; to burden, load."
A sophomore surge (sometimes referred to in the United Kingdom as first-term incumbency bonus [1] [2]) is a term used in the political science of the United States Congress that refers to an increase in votes that congressional candidates (candidates for the House of Representatives) usually receive when running for their first re-election.
[1] The role that various vice presidents-elect have played in United States presidential transitions has differed. Two vice presidents-elect have been in charge of presidential transitions as formal chairmen, Dick Cheney in the presidential transition of George W. Bush (2000–01) [ 2 ] and Mike Pence in the presidential transition of Donald ...
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A high correlation between election and incumbency has been demonstrated in congressional races. The success rate of incumbent members of the U.S. House of Representatives seeking re-election averaged 93.5 percent during the 1960s and 1970s. [1] Statistically, the initial edge for the incumbent candidate is 2-4 percent of the vote. [2]
Congressional stagnation is an American political theory that attempts to explain the high rate of incumbency re-election to the United States House of Representatives.In recent years this rate has been well over 90 per cent, with rarely more than 5–10 incumbents losing their House seats every election cycle.
The Ineligibility Clause (sometimes also called the Emoluments Clause, [1] or the Incompatibility Clause, [2] or the Sinecure Clause [3]) is a provision in Article 1, Section 6, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution [4] that makes each incumbent member of Congress ineligible to hold an office established by the federal government during their tenure in Congress; [5] it also bars officials ...
The Roemer model of political competition is a game between political parties in which each party announces a multidimensional policy vector.Since Nash equilibria do not normally exist when the policy space is multidimensional, John Roemer introduced the concept of party-unanimity Nash equilibrium (PUNE), which can be considered an application of the concept of Nash equilibrium to political ...