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Swarm behaviour was first simulated on a computer in 1986 with the simulation program boids. [4] This program simulates simple agents (boids) that are allowed to move according to a set of basic rules. The model was originally designed to mimic the flocking behaviour of birds, but it can be applied also to schooling fish and other swarming ...
For Euphausia superba, swarms reach 10,000 to 60,000 individuals per cubic metre. [63] [64] Swarming is a defensive mechanism, confusing smaller predators that would like to pick out individuals. In 2012, Gandomi and Alavi presented what appears to be a successful stochastic algorithm for modelling the behaviour of krill swarms. The algorithm ...
Shoaling and schooling. These powder blue tangs are shoaling. They are swimming somewhat independently, but in such a way that they stay connected, forming a social group. These bluestripe snapper are schooling. They are all swimming in the same direction in a coordinated way. In biology, any group of fish that stay together for social reasons ...
Bait ball. A school of bluefin trevally working a school of anchovies which may compact into a spherical bait ball if they are sufficiently threatened. A bait ball, or baitball, occurs when small fish swarm in a tightly packed spherical formation about a common centre. [1] It is a last-ditch defensive measure adopted by small schooling fish ...
Swarm intelligence (SI) is the collective behavior of decentralized, self-organized systems, natural or artificial. The concept is employed in work on artificial intelligence. The expression was introduced by Gerardo Beni and Jing Wang in 1989, in the context of cellular robotic systems. [1][2] SI systems consist typically of a population of ...
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Fish that feed on mayfly nymphs that have bioaccumulated heavy metals are themselves at risk. [40] Adult female mayflies find water by detecting the polarization of reflected light. They are easily fooled by other polished surfaces which can act as traps for swarming mayflies. [10] The threat to mayflies applies also to their eggs.
A salp (plural salps, also known colloquially as “sea grape”) or salpa (plural salpae or salpas[2]) is a barrel-shaped, planktonic tunicate in the family Salpidae. It moves by contracting, thereby pumping water through its gelatinous body; it is one of the most efficient examples of jet propulsion in the animal kingdom. [3]