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The first comprehensive draft of a grid layout for CSS was created by Phil Cupp at Microsoft in 2011 and implemented in Internet Explorer 10 behind a -ms-vendor prefix.The syntax was restructured and further refined through several iterations in the CSS Working Group, led primarily by Elika Etemad and Tab Atkins Jr.
Luke Wroblewski has summarized some of the RWD and mobile design challenges and created a catalog of multi-device layout patterns. [15] [16] [17] He suggested that, compared with a simple HWD approach [clarification needed], device experience or RESS (responsive web design with server-side components) approaches can provide a user experience that is better optimized for mobile devices.
Bootstrap (formerly Twitter Bootstrap) is a free and open-source CSS framework directed at responsive, mobile-first front-end web development. It contains HTML, CSS and (optionally) JavaScript-based design templates for typography, forms, buttons, navigation, and other interface components.
Sites that use CSS with either XHTML or HTML are easier to tweak so that they appear similar in different browsers (Chrome, Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Safari, etc.). Sites using CSS "degrade gracefully" in browsers unable to display graphical content, such as Lynx, or those so very old that they cannot use CSS. Browsers ignore ...
CSS Flexible Box Layout, commonly known as Flexbox, [2] is a CSS web layout model. [4] It is in the W3C 's candidate recommendation (CR) stage. [ 2 ] The flex layout allows responsive elements within a container to be automatically arranged depending on viewport (device screen) size.
Apache Cordova enables software programmers to build hybrid web applications for mobile devices using CSS3, HTML5, and JavaScript, instead of relying on platform-specific APIs like those in Android, iOS, or Windows Phone. [6] It enables the wrapping up of CSS, HTML, and JavaScript code depending on the platform of the device.
The adaptive model is a "mobile separate" layout, in contrast to "mobile first" JavaScript, and progressive enhancement of responsive web design. "Mobile separate" is the same concept as "mobile first", except the design layout of AWD is to have a separate base mobile layout versus the single design layout of responsive web design.
Tailwind CSS is an open-source CSS framework. Unlike other frameworks, like Bootstrap , it does not provide a series of predefined classes for elements such as buttons or tables. Instead, it creates a list of "utility" CSS classes that can be used to style each element by mixing and matching.