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Atipamezole, sold under the brand name Antisedan among others, is a synthetic α 2 adrenergic receptor antagonist used for the reversal of the sedative and analgesic effects of dexmedetomidine and medetomidine in dogs. Its reversal effect works by competing with the sedative for α 2-adrenergic receptors and displacing them.
A euthanasia solution is a drug-containing aqueous solution for intentionally ending life to either relieve pain and suffering or execute convicts. [1] The drugs used in euthanasia solution do not only need to be safe to personnel, but they also need to have a rapid onset of action and minimize the possible pain felt by humans and animals. [2]
Epinephrine is also used as a bronchodilator for asthma if specific β 2 agonists are unavailable or ineffective. [39] Because of the high intrinsic efficacy (receptor binding ability) of epinephrine, high drug concentrations cause adverse side effects when treating asthma. The value of using nebulized epinephrine in acute asthma is unclear. [40]
In children epinephrine or norepinephrine is generally preferred while in adults norepinephrine is generally preferred for very low blood pressure. [6] [7] It is given intravenously or intraosseously as a continuous infusion. [4] Effects typically begin within five minutes. [4] Doses are then increased to effect. [4]
However, the serotonin receptor antagonism has side effects such as weight gain and impaired movement. [11] Hence, alpha-2 blockers are not used clinically due to its extensive binding. Similar to the alpha-1 blocker, the alpha-2 family will also present the first-dose effect , but it is generally less pronounced compared with the alpha-1 blockers.
A later study, by Lands and Grant, showed that a dose of ~0.6 mg/kg of racemic synephrine, given intravenously to anesthetized dogs, produced a rise in blood pressure of 34 mmHg lasting 5–10 minutes, and estimated that this pressor activity was about 1/300x that of epinephrine. [63] Using cats and dogs, Tainter and Seidenfeld observed that ...
The effects of methoxyflurane on the circulatory system resemble those of diethyl ether. [32] In dogs, methoxyflurane anesthesia causes a moderate decrease in blood pressure with minimal changes in heart rate , and no significant effect on blood sugar , epinephrine , or norepinephrine .
Individual dogs of any breed can have a profound reaction characterized by hypotension, especially if there is an underlying heart problem. In giant-breed dogs and sighthounds, the sedative effects of acepromazine may last for 12–24 hours, which is much longer than the usual 3–4 hours. [16] [20]