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Checksums (IEEE Ethernet CRC-32) and count the bytes in a file. Supersedes other *sum utilities with -a option from version 9.0. comm: Compares two sorted files line by line csplit: Splits a file into sections determined by context lines cut: Removes sections from each line of files expand: Converts tabs to spaces fmt: Simple optimal text ...
Thus, the existence of duplicates does not affect the value of the extreme order statistics. There are other estimation techniques other than min/max sketches. The first paper on count-distinct estimation [7] describes the Flajolet–Martin algorithm, a bit pattern sketch. In this case, the elements are hashed into a bit vector and the sketch ...
A common solution is to combine both the mean and the median: Create hash functions and split them into distinct groups (each of size ). Within each group use the mean for aggregating together the l {\displaystyle l} results, and finally take the median of the k {\displaystyle k} group estimates as the final estimate.
HyperLogLog is an algorithm for the count-distinct problem, approximating the number of distinct elements in a multiset. [1] Calculating the exact cardinality of the distinct elements of a multiset requires an amount of memory proportional to the cardinality, which is impractical for very large data sets. Probabilistic cardinality estimators ...
Here input is the input array to be sorted, key returns the numeric key of each item in the input array, count is an auxiliary array used first to store the numbers of items with each key, and then (after the second loop) to store the positions where items with each key should be placed, k is the maximum value of the non-negative key values and ...
wc (short for word count) is a command in Unix, Plan 9, Inferno, and Unix-like operating systems.The program reads either standard input or a list of computer files and generates one or more of the following statistics: newline count, word count, and byte count.
Invoke a utility with an altered nice value Version 4 AT&T UNIX nl: Text processing Optional (XSI) Line numbering filter System III nm: C programming Optional (SD, XSI) Write the name list of an object file: Version 1 AT&T UNIX nohup: Process management Mandatory Invoke a utility immune to hangups: Version 4 AT&T UNIX od: Misc Mandatory
See the List of GNU Core Utilities commands for a brief description of included commands. Alternative implementation packages are available in the FOSS ecosystem, with a slightly different scope and focus (less functionality), or license. For example, BusyBox which is licensed under GPL-2.0-only, and Toybox which is licensed under 0BSD.