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The complaint tablet to Ea-nāṣir (UET V 81) [1] is a clay tablet that was sent to the ancient city-state Ur, written c. 1750 BCE. The tablet, measuring 11.6 cm high and 5 cm wide, documents a transaction in which Ea-nāṣir, [ a ] a trader, allegedly sold sub-standard copper to a customer named Nanni.
Earthenware vessels in the Philippines were formed by two main techniques: paddle and anvil, and coiling and scraping. [2] Although a level of highly skilled craftsmanship is present in the Philippines, no evidence of kilns are found, primarily because the type of clay to be found in the archipelago can only withstand relatively low temperatures of firing.
Wound beads are far more rare when being compared to drawn beads and the way they are made is by sheathing molten glass around a rod, stick, or wire. Wound beads on the other hand are made by wrapping molten glass around a rod, stick, or wire, then pressed into its shape and placed in a mold or decorated with colors of glass.
The first step in the manufacture of pots is the acquisition of the starting material, clay. The clay is then pounded, added with enough amount of water, to reach the wanted flexibility, and placed in a rotating plate. Using the hand-modeling and coil-and-scrape techniques, the height, thickness and shape of the pot is established.
Indigenous materials are materials that are naturally and locally found in a specific place such as timbers, canes, grass , palms, and rattan. [1] [2] Other indigenous raw materials in the country that are commonly known and used creatively in crafts and decoration are capiz, pearls, corals, and seashells, being an archipelago naturally abundant in beaches and marine resources.
They are often referred to as export ware and became popular due to their kaolin-type clay that was difficult to replicate. [1] Tradeware ceramics in the Philippines range from Pre-Spanish arrival through the Manila Galleon of the Colonial period. Leading scholars in this field are Carl E. Guthe, Li Jian'an, Li Min, Olov Janse, and Robert Fox.
The Philippines gained independence from the United States in the 1946, but Beyer continued at his post at the University of Philippines until 1954. [1] In 1949, he was joined by Wilhelm Solheim , who was known in the Philippines for finding various pottery at different archaeological sites.
Lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA) or expanded clay (exclay) is a lightweight aggregate made by heating clay to around 1,200 °C (2,190 °F) in a rotary kiln. The heating process causes gases trapped in the clay to expand, forming thousands of small bubbles and giving the material a porous structure.