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Specific concerns include mixing of genetically modified and non-genetically modified products in the food supply, [1] effects of GMOs on the environment, [2] [3] the rigor of the regulatory process, [4] [5] and consolidation of control of the food supply in companies that make and sell GMOs. [2]
Genetic pollution is a term for uncontrolled [1] [2] gene flow into wild populations. It is defined as "the dispersal of contaminated altered genes from genetically engineered organisms to natural organisms, esp. by cross-pollination", [3] but has come to be used in some broader ways.
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination". [1]
Genetically modified organisms refers to any plant, animal or microorganism that has been genetically altered, due to modern biotechnology like genetic engineering. Often, GMOs are labeled “GE ...
Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980), was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with whether genetically modified organisms can be patented. [8] The Court held that a living, man-made micro-organism is patentable subject matter as a "manufacture" or "composition of matter" within the meaning of the Patent Act of 1952.
The European Union's control of genetically modified organisms is a particular part of an image of the promise and limitations of debate as a framework for supranational regulation. [42] The issues posed by the EU’s GMO regulation have caused major problems in agriculture, politics, societies, status, and other fields.
The Chinese government does not issue commercial usage licenses for genetically modified rice. All GM rice is approved for research only. Pu, et al., stated that rice engineered to produce human blood protein (HSA) requires a lot of modified rice to be grown. This raised environmental safety concerns about gene flow.
Environmental consequences are also considered due to disruptions within the food web when these organisms are added to a previously balanced ecosystem. [24] As genetic modification is so fast, the environment may not be able to adapt and integrate the new organism into the ecosystem or it could have unwanted effects on its surroundings. [ 26 ]