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While Shabbat 35b refers to medium-sized stars, the Shulchan Aruch rules that since we are unsure what stars are medium or big, we must be stringent to wait for the appearance of small stars. [10] Since this time is not clearly defined, most communities (at least for the end of the Sabbath) wait until around 8.5° of solar depression.
In New Zealand and Japan, the local Saturday is Shabbat according to the majority opinion (sections 2 and 3 above), and it should therefore be fully observed as Shabbat. However, since according to the minority opinion (section 1 above), Shabbat is on the local Sunday, one should not perform any Torah-level Shabbat prohibitions on Sunday.
Similarly, Yom Kippur, Passover, and Shabbat are described in the Bible as lasting "from evening to evening". [3] The days are therefore figured locally. Halachically, the exact time when days begin or end is uncertain: this time could be either sundown (shekiah) or else nightfall (tzait ha'kochavim, "when the stars appear
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An observant Jew is a Jewish person who is shomer Shabbat or shomer Shabbos (plural shomré Shabbat or shomrei Shabbos; Hebrew: שומר שבת, "Sabbath observer", sometimes more specifically, "Saturday Sabbath observer"), i.e. a person who observes the mitzvot (commandments) associated with Judaism's Shabbat, or Sabbath, which begins at dusk on Friday and ends after sunset on Saturday.
The time is devoted to worship which consists of seven prayer services (divided into two for Sabbath eve, two in the morning, one in afternoon and one at eve of conclusion), reading the weekly Torah portion (According to the Samaritan yearly Torah cycle), spending quality time with family, taking meals, rest and sleep, and within the community ...
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The most familiar mitzvah that depends on the time of day is Jewish prayer. The morning Shema must be read between dawn [6] and three variable hours after sunrise. (A "variable hour" is one-twelfth of the time between sunrise and sunset, or according to another opinion between dawn and the appearance of stars at twilight.