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The SMCR model influenced the development of later models, often in the form of extensions to it. Marshall McLuhan extended the SMCR model by including interpretation as one of the steps of the receiver. [4] Gerhard Maletzke applied the SMCR model to mass communication in his 1978 book The Psychology of Mass Communication.
Linear transmission model [9] Linear transmission models describe communication as a one-way process. In it, a sender intentionally conveys a message to a receiver. The reception of the message is the endpoint of this process. Since there is no feedback loop, the sender may not know whether the message reached its intended destination.
The Shannon–Weaver model is one of the earliest models of communication. [2] [3] [4] It was initially published by Claude Shannon in his 1948 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication". [5] The model was further developed together with Warren Weaver in their co-authored 1949 book The Mathematical Theory of Communication.
TMIM was developed to account for a person's active information management efforts in interpersonal communication channels. [2] The framework shares close ties to Brashers' uncertainty management theory, Babrow's problematic integration theory, Johnson and Meischkes' comprehensive model of information seeking and Bandura's social cognitive ...
Schramm's model of communication was published by Wilbur Schramm in 1954. It is one of the earliest interaction models of communication. [1] [2] [3] It was conceived as a response to and an improvement over earlier attempts in the form of linear transmission models, like the Shannon–Weaver model and Lasswell's model.
[3] [6] Barnlund's model aims to present the main components of communication in terms of the functions they have. [7] Barnlund formulated his transactional model of communication as a response to the simplifications and limitations found in various earlier models that take the form of linear transmission models and interaction models.
The theory of CMM was developed in the mid-1970s by W. Barnett Pearce (1943–2011) and Vernon E. Cronen. Communication Action and Meaning was devoted to CMM, is a thorough explication of CMM, which Pearce and Cronen introduced to the common scholarly vernacular of the discipline.
Managerial psychology is a sub-discipline of industrial and organizational psychology that focuses on the effectiveness of individuals and groups in the workplace, using behavioral science. The purpose of managerial psychology is to aid managers in gaining a better managerial and personal understanding of the psychological patterns common among ...