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In the mathematical field of graph theory, an integral graph is a graph whose adjacency matrix's spectrum consists entirely of integers. In other words, a graph is an integral graph if all of the roots of the characteristic polynomial of its adjacency matrix are integers. [1] The notion was introduced in 1974 by Frank Harary and Allen Schwenk. [2]
A different technique, which goes back to Laplace (1812), [3] is the following. Let = =. Since the limits on s as y → ±∞ depend on the sign of x, it simplifies the calculation to use the fact that e −x 2 is an even function, and, therefore, the integral over all real numbers is just twice the integral from zero to infinity.
Many spreadsheet, drawing, and desktop publishing programs allow you to create graphs and export them as images. gnuplot can produce a wide variety of charts and graphs; see samples with source code at Commons. In Python using matplotlib ; The R programming language can be used for creating Wikipedia graphs.
Microsoft Graph (originally known as Microsoft Chart) is an OLE application deployed by Microsoft Office programs such as Excel and Access to create charts and graphs. The program is available as an OLE application object in Visual Basic. Microsoft Graph supports many different types of charts, but its output is dated.
In science and engineering, a log–log graph or log–log plot is a two-dimensional graph of numerical data that uses logarithmic scales on both the horizontal and vertical axes. Power functions – relationships of the form y = a x k {\displaystyle y=ax^{k}} – appear as straight lines in a log–log graph, with the exponent corresponding to ...
Integration is the basic operation in integral calculus.While differentiation has straightforward rules by which the derivative of a complicated function can be found by differentiating its simpler component functions, integration does not, so tables of known integrals are often useful.
In other languages, the shape of the integral symbol differs slightly from the shape commonly seen in English-language textbooks. While the English integral symbol leans to the right, the German symbol (used throughout Central Europe ) is upright, and the Russian variant leans slightly to the left to occupy less horizontal space.
An integral curve for X passing through p at time t 0 is a curve α : J → M of class C r−1, defined on an open interval J of the real line R containing t 0, such that α ( t 0 ) = p ; {\displaystyle \alpha (t_{0})=p;\,}
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