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The contribution of the muscle to the specific heat of the body is approximately 47%, and the contribution of the fat and skin is approximately 24%. The specific heat of tissues range from ~0.7 kJ · kg−1 · °C−1 for tooth (enamel) to 4.2 kJ · kg−1 · °C−1 for eye (sclera).
Component of Stirling radioisotope generator is heated by induction during testing. Induction heating is the process of heating electrically conductive materials, namely metals or semi-conductors, by electromagnetic induction, through heat transfer passing through an inductor that creates an electromagnetic field within the coil to heat up and possibly melt steel, copper, brass, graphite, gold ...
International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS) pure =1.7×10 −8 Ω•m =58.82×10 6 Ω −1 •m −1. For main article, see: Copper in heat exchangers. The TPRC recommended values are for well annealed 99.999% pure copper with residual electrical resistivity of ρ 0 =0.000851 μΩ⋅cm. TPRC Data Series volume 1 page 81. [8]
An induction furnace is an electrical furnace in which the heat is applied by induction heating of metal. [1] [2] [3] Induction furnace capacities range from less than one kilogram to one hundred tons, and are used to melt iron and steel, copper, aluminum, and precious metals.
This is due to the way that metals bond chemically: metallic bonds (as opposed to covalent or ionic bonds) have free-moving electrons that transfer thermal energy rapidly through the metal. The electron fluid of a conductive metallic solid conducts most of the heat flux through the solid. Phonon flux is still present but carries less of the energy.
Values from CRC refer to "100 kPa (1 bar or 0.987 standard atmospheres)". Lange indirectly defines the values to be standard atmosphere of "1 atm (101325 Pa)", although citing the same NBS and JANAF sources among others. It is assumed this inexactly refers to "ambient pressure".
These effects usually combine to give heat capacities lower than 3R per mole of atoms in the solid, although in molecular solids, heat capacities calculated per mole of molecules in molecular solids may be more than 3R. For example, the heat capacity of water ice at the melting point is about 4.6R per mole of molecules, but only 1.5R per mole ...
Non-copper heat exchangers are also available. Some alternative materials include aluminum, carbon steel, stainless steel, nickel alloys, and titanium. This article focuses on beneficial properties and common applications of copper in heat exchangers. New copper heat exchanger technologies for specific applications are also introduced.