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The use of the tube was originally described in 1950, [1] although similar approaches to bleeding varices were described by Westphal in 1930. [2] With the advent of modern endoscopic techniques which can rapidly and definitively control variceal bleeding, Sengstaken–Blakemore tubes are rarely used at present. [3]
Minnesota four-lumen tube, with esophageal and gastric balloons, and esophageal and gastric aspirates. Balloon tamponade is considered a bridge to more definitive treatment modalities, and is usually administered in the emergency department or in the intensive-care unit setting, due to the illness of patients and the complications of the procedure.
The tube is then marked at this level to ensure that the tube has been inserted far enough into the patient's stomach. Many commercially available stomach and duodenal tubes have several standard depth markings, for example 46 cm (18 in), 56 cm (22 in), 66 cm (26 in) and 76 cm (30 in) from distal end; infant feeding tubes often come with 1 cm ...
A RSBI score of less than 65 [3] indicating a relatively low respiratory rate compared to tidal volume is generally considered as an indication of weaning readiness. A patient with a rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI) of less than 105 has an approximately 80% chance of being successfully extubated, whereas an RSBI of greater than 105 virtually guarantees weaning failure. [4]
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An EMS is typically done to evaluate suspected disorders of motility or peristalsis of the esophagus.These include achalasia, diffuse esophageal spasm, nutcracker esophagus and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter.
Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), also known as bronchoalveolar washing, is a diagnostic method of the lower respiratory system in which a bronchoscope is passed through the mouth or nose into an appropriate airway in the lungs, with a measured amount of fluid introduced and then collected for examination.
In upper gastrointestinal series examinations, the barium sulfate is mixed with water and swallowed orally, whereas in the lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema), the barium contrast agent is administered as an enema through a small tube inserted into the rectum. [2] Barium swallow X-ray examinations are used to study the pharynx [4] and ...