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[42] [43] A flip book is a small book with relatively springy pages, each having one in a series of animation images located near its unbound edge. The user bends all of the pages back, normally with the thumb, then by a gradual motion of the hand allows them to spring free one at a time.
The etymology of the term anime is disputed. The English word "animation" is written in Japanese katakana as アニメーション (animēshon) and as アニメ (anime, pronounced ⓘ) in its shortened form. [13]
Animation is a filmmaking technique whereby still images are manipulated to create moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited on film. Animation has been recognized as an artistic medium, specifically within the entertainment industry.
MTV launched in 1981 and further popularized the music video medium, which allowed relatively free artistic expression and creative techniques, since everyone involved wanted their video to stand out. Many of the most celebrated music videos of the 1980s featured animation, often created with techniques that differed from standard cel animation.
The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 (1st ed.). Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 1-880656-64-7. Clements, Jonathan and Barry Ip (2012) "The Shadow Staff: Japanese Animators in the Toho Aviation Education Materials Production Office 1939–1945" in Animation: An Interdisciplinary Journal 7(2) 189–204. Drazen, Patrick (2003).
A zoetrope is a pre-film animation device that produces the illusion of motion, by displaying a sequence of drawings or photographs showing progressive phases of that motion. A zoetrope is a cylindrical variant of the phénakisticope , an apparatus suggested after the stroboscopic discs were introduced in 1833.
When it was introduced in the French newspaper Le Figaro in June 1833, the term 'phénakisticope' was explained to be from the root Greek word φενακιστικός phenakistikos (or rather from φενακίζειν phenakizein), meaning "deceiving" or "cheating", [2] and ὄψ óps, meaning "eye" or "face", [3] so it was probably intended loosely as 'optical deception' or 'optical illusion'.
Traditional animation (or classical animation, cel animation, or hand-drawn animation) is an animation technique in which each frame is drawn by hand. The technique was the dominant form of animation of the 20th century, until there was a shift to computer animation in the industry, such as digital ink and paint and 3D computer animation .