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Due to mode conversion, a P-wave can reflect upwards as an S-wave (also known as a secondary, shear or transverse wave) when it hits an interface (e.g., solid-liquid). Other P-wave to S-wave (P-S) conversions can occur, but the down-up conversion is the primary focus. Unlike P-waves, converted shear waves are largely unaffected by fluids. [1]
Plasma oscillations, also known as Langmuir waves (after Irving Langmuir), are rapid oscillations of the electron density in conducting media such as plasmas or metals in the ultraviolet region. The oscillations can be described as an instability in the dielectric function of a free electron gas. The frequency depends only weakly on the ...
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Eq. 1 A more rigorous approach shows the strongest synchronization occurs for particles with a velocity in the wave frame proportional to the damping rate and independent of the wave amplitude. [ 10 ] : §3.2 Since Landau damping occurs for waves with arbitrarily small amplitudes, this shows the most active particles in this damping are far ...
It is a purely mathematical fact that the characteristic polynomial of the Einstein tensor of any pp-wave spacetime vanishes identically. Equivalently, we can find a Newman–Penrose complex null tetrad such that the Ricci-NP scalars (describing any matter or nongravitational fields which may be present in a spacetime) and the Weyl-NP scalars (describing any gravitational field which may be ...
Both of these effects used the wave nature of light to create a correlation in arrival time – if a single photon beam is split into two beams, then the particle nature of light requires that each photon is only observed at a single detector, and so an anti-correlation was observed in 1977 by H. Jeff Kimble. [4]
A sound wave propagates through a material as a localized pressure change. Increasing the pressure of a gas or fluid increases its local temperature. The local speed of sound in a compressible material increases with temperature; as a result, the wave travels faster during the high pressure phase of the oscillation than during the lower pressure phase.
At point A let any two perpendicular planes a 1, a 2 be taken in the direction of the ray; and let the vibrations of the ray be divided into two parts, one in each of these planes. Take like planes b 1, b 2 in the ray at point B; then the following proposition may be demonstrated.