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  2. 45th parallel north - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_parallel_north

    The 45th parallel north is often called the halfway point between the equator and the North Pole, but the true halfway point is 16.0 km (9.9 mi) north of it (approximately between 45°08'36" and 45°08'37") because Earth is an oblate spheroid; that is, it bulges at the equator and is flattened at the poles. [1]

  3. 45×90 points - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45×90_points

    Each 45×90 point is the antipode – the point on the opposite side of Earth – of another 45×90 point. The southern Indian Ocean location and the point in Wisconsin are antipodes of each other. The southern Pacific Ocean location and the point in China are antipodes of each other.

  4. Cardinal direction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_direction

    Direction determination refers to the ways in which a cardinal direction or compass point can be determined in navigation and wayfinding.The most direct method is using a compass (magnetic compass or gyrocompass), but indirect methods exist, based on the Sun path (unaided or by using a watch or sundial), the stars, and satellite navigation.

  5. Points of the compass - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Points_of_the_compass

    32-point compass rose. The points of the compass are a set of horizontal, radially arrayed compass directions (or azimuths) used in navigation and cartography.A compass rose is primarily composed of four cardinal directions—north, east, south, and west—each separated by 90 degrees, and secondarily divided by four ordinal (intercardinal) directions—northeast, southeast, southwest, and ...

  6. Antipodes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipodes

    In geography, the antipode (/ ˈ æ n t ɪ ˌ p oʊ d, æ n ˈ t ɪ p ə d i /) of any spot on Earth is the point on Earth's surface diametrically opposite to it. A pair of points antipodal (/ æ n ˈ t ɪ p ə d əl /) to each other are situated such that a straight line connecting the two would pass through Earth's center.

  7. Oblique projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique_projection

    On the flat drawing, two axes, x and z on the figure, are perpendicular and the length on these axes are drawn with a 1:1 scale; it is thus similar to the dimetric projections, although it is not an axonometric projection, as the third axis, here y, is drawn in diagonal, making an arbitrary angle with the x″ axis, usually 30 or 45°. The ...

  8. Grade (slope) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)

    (This is the angle α opposite the "rise" side of a triangle with a right angle between vertical rise and horizontal run.) as a percentage, the formula for which is which is equivalent to the tangent of the angle of inclination times 100. In Europe and the U.S. percentage "grade" is the most commonly used figure for describing slopes.

  9. Isometric projection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometric_projection

    Another way isometric projection can be visualized is by considering a view within a cubical room starting in an upper corner and looking towards the opposite, lower corner. The x-axis extends diagonally down and right, the y-axis extends diagonally down and left, and the z-axis is straight up. Depth is also shown by height on the image.